Reading Knitting Charts: Symbols, Repeats and Colorwork

Knitting charts are visual representations of stitch patterns, using symbols to indicate how each stitch should be worked on both right-side and wrong-side rows. They provide a compact and standardized way to communicate complex designs, particularly for lace, cables, and stranded colorwork. While written instructions can be effective for simple patterns, charts offer a clearer overview of how stitches relate to one another across rows and repeats.

For many knitters, learning to read charts opens up a wider range of patterns and allows for greater independence in modifying designs. Charts are especially common in patterns published in the United States, Europe, and Japan, though conventions can vary slightly by region. This article explains the fundamental elements of knitting charts, how to interpret common symbols, and how to handle repeated sections and colorwork sequences.

Understanding charts requires attention to detail and a willingness to practice. It also involves recognizing that charts are a tool for organizing information, not a guarantee of a specific result. The outcome depends on factors such as yarn choice, gauge, and individual technique. By approaching charts methodically, knitters can build confidence and expand their skills.

Fundamentals of Knitting Charts

A knitting chart is a grid where each square represents a stitch, and each row represents a row of knitting. Typically, charts are read from the bottom to the top, following the direction in which the knitting grows. For flat knitting, right-side rows are usually read from right to left, while wrong-side rows are read from left to right. In circular knitting, all rows are read from right to left, as the knitter is always working on the right side of the fabric.

Charts include a legend that defines each symbol. Common symbols include empty squares for knit stitches, dots for purl stitches, and various diagonal lines or curves for increases, decreases, or special stitches. Some charts use color to denote different yarns in colorwork, while others use letters or numbers. It is essential to refer to the legend provided with the pattern, as symbols can vary between designers and publications.

Charts may also include additional information such as repeat boundaries, stitch counts, and row numbers. Row numbers are often placed along the side, with even numbers on one side and odd on the other, or with all numbers on one side for circular knitting. Understanding these elements helps knitters keep their place and track progress.

Interpreting Symbols and Legends

Symbols in knitting charts are a type of shorthand that conveys instructions concisely. For example, a blank square might mean “knit on right side, purl on wrong side,” while a horizontal line might indicate a purl stitch on the right side. A diagonal line slanting to the right could represent a knit-two-together decrease, and a diagonal line slanting to the left might be a slip-slip-knit decrease. These symbols are not universal; they can differ from one pattern to another.

When encountering a new chart, it is advisable to review the legend carefully and perhaps make a copy for reference. Some knitters find it helpful to annotate the chart with written notes or to color-code symbols for clarity. For lace patterns, symbols often include yarn overs (often shown as an open circle) and various decreases that create openwork effects. In cable patterns, symbols might show the direction of cable twists, with additional notations for using a cable needle.

In stranded colorwork, charts use different colors or symbols to represent different yarns. Each square indicates which color to use for that stitch. Some charts also include a separate key for color placement. It is important to note that in colorwork, the chart shows the color of the stitch as it appears on the right side of the fabric, so on wrong-side rows, the colors may be reversed in terms of which yarn is held in front or back.

Handling Repeats and Multiple Sections

Many knitting charts include repeated sections, often marked by red or bold lines. These repeats indicate that a sequence of stitches should be worked multiple times across a row. The chart may also include edge stitches outside the repeat, which are worked only once at the beginning and end of the row. Understanding how to identify and follow repeats is crucial for maintaining pattern consistency.

When working from a chart with repeats, it is common to see a notation such as “work repeat 5 times” or “repeat to last 3 stitches.” This means that after working any edge stitches, the knitter repeats the bracketed section until the desired number of stitches remains, then works the ending edge stitches. Charts may also have vertical repeats, where a set of rows is repeated multiple times to build the pattern. Row numbers may reset or continue, depending on the pattern.

For patterns with multiple chart sections, such as a center panel and side panels, the chart might be divided into separate sections. Knitters need to follow each section according to its own row numbering and repeats. It can be helpful to use stitch markers to separate sections and to track progress. Some knitters use highlighter tape or magnetic boards to keep their place on the chart.

Reading Colorwork Charts

Colorwork charts, particularly for stranded knitting, use color to indicate which yarn to use for each stitch. Typically, the chart is printed in black and white with symbols representing different colors, or in full color. The legend will specify which symbol or color corresponds to which yarn. When working in the round, all rows are read from right to left, and the chart shows the right side of the fabric.

One challenge with colorwork charts is managing multiple yarns and ensuring that the floats (strands of yarn carried across the back) are not too tight. The chart does not show the back of the work, so knitters must be mindful of tension. Some charts include notes on float length or suggest catching floats every few stitches. It is also important to note that color dominance can affect the appearance of the pattern; the yarn held below the other may appear more prominent.

When working colorwork flat, wrong-side rows are read from left to right, and the colors are reversed in terms of which yarn is held in front or back. This can be confusing, so some knitters prefer to work colorwork in the round or to convert flat patterns to circular. Charts for colorwork may also include steek stitches, which are extra stitches used for cutting open the fabric, often indicated by a separate symbol or color.

Practical Tips for Chart Reading

Becoming proficient at reading charts takes practice. Here are some practical suggestions that may help:

• Make a copy of the chart and use a highlighter or sticky notes to mark your place.
• Use a magnetic board or chart keeper to keep the chart upright and visible.
• Count stitches frequently to ensure you are following the chart correctly.
• If you make a mistake, refer to the chart to see how to correct it, rather than ripping out multiple rows.
• For complex charts, consider writing out the instructions for each row in words as a backup.
• Join a knitting group or online forum where you can ask questions about specific symbols or techniques.

It is also helpful to understand that charts are a representation of the pattern, and variations in gauge or yarn can affect the final appearance. Swatching is a common practice to test gauge and to become familiar with the chart before starting the main project. Remember that no chart can guarantee a perfect outcome; results depend on individual skill, materials, and attention to detail.

“Charts are a map, but the journey is yours. Take your time, and enjoy the process of discovery.”

With patience and practice, reading knitting charts can become second nature. Whether you are working on a delicate lace shawl, a complex cable sweater, or a colorful stranded hat, charts provide a reliable way to navigate the pattern. As you gain experience, you may find that charts empower you to adapt designs and create your own variations.